49 2 Mobile applications in gastrointestinal surgery: a systematic review Table 3: An overview of the methodological quality assessment of the non-randomized studies according to the ROBINS-I assessment tool. Studies Bias due to confounding Bias in participant selection Bias in intervention classification Bias due to deviations from intended interventions Missing data Bias in outcomes measurements Bias in reported results Overall risk of bias Keng 2016 Moderate Moderate Low Low Serious Moderate Moderate Serious Lee 2021 Serious Low Moderate Serious Serious Moderate Moderate Serious Lee 2022 Moderate Low Moderate Moderate Moderate Serious Moderate Serious Eustache 2021 Low Low Low Moderate Moderate Moderate Low Moderate Agri 2020 Moderate Moderate Moderate Low Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate Symer 2017 Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate Diehl 2021 Serious Moderate Moderate Low Low Moderate Moderate Serious Gustavell 2019 Serious Moderate Low Moderate Low Serious Serious Serious Gustavell 2020 * Moderate Moderate Low Low Low Moderate Serious Serious Gustavell 2019 * Moderate Low Low Low Low Low Moderate Moderate Allenson 2021 Low Moderate Moderate Low Low Moderate Low Moderate Wu 2019 Moderate Moderate Low Moderate Low Moderate Serious Serious Chlan 2022 Moderate Low Serious Moderate Moderate Serious Moderate Serious Heuser 2021 Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate Low Moderate Low Moderate Dolan 2019 Serious Serious Serious Serious Moderate Moderate Low Serious Mundi 2015 Moderate Moderate Low Moderate Low Serious Serious Serious Den Bakker 2019 Moderate Serious Low Moderate Moderate Serious Low Serious Pecorelli 2018 Moderate Moderate Low Low Moderate Moderate Low Moderate
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