33 Defining vulnerability subgroups among pregnant women Table 1. Continued. n (%) Loss of a family member Yes No 147 (3.5) 4025 (96.5) Living conditions Home ownership Rented Owner occupied Missing 990 (23.7) 3099 (74.3) 83 (2.0) Motorized vehicle ownership No Yes 494 (11.8) 3678 (88.2) Proximity to general practitioners’ (GP) office >3 km <3 km Missing 265 (6.4) 3847 (92.2) 60 (1.4) Liveability neighbourhood Low-mediocre High Missing 273 (6.5) 3695 (88.6) 204 (4.9) Outcomes Preterm birth Yes No 277 (6.6) 3895 (93.4) Small for gestational age (SGA) Yes No Missing 324 (7.8) 3814 (91.4) 25 (0.6) Preterm birth and/or SGA Yes No 557 (13.4) 3590 (86.0) Admission to neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) Yes No 130 (3.1) 4042 (96.9) Primary caesarean section Yes No 318 (7.6) 3854 (92.4) Secondary caesarean section Yes No 303 (7.3) 3869 (92.7) Pre-eclampsia/hypertension Yes No 250 (6.0) 3922 (94.0) Postpartum haemorrhage Yes No 265 (6.4) 3907 (93.6) No postpartum care (at home) No postpartum care Postpartum care 258 (6.2) 3914 (93.8) No antenatal care before week 10 No antenatal care before week 10 Antenatal care before week 10 Missing 563 (13.5) 3236 (77.6) 373 (8.9) * Following guidelines of Statistics Netherlands, the data of some variables were rounded (parity) or not shown (having been detained) to prevent disclosure of information about individuals. Detailed definitions of variables and categories are provided in Appendix 1. Missing data are shown in italic. The five-class model divided the study population into one class characterized by vulnerability in various domains, three classes characterized by vulnerability predominantly in one specific domain and one class with mainly protective factors (see Table 2 for all class proportions and characteristics). Figure 1 provides a visual representation. 2
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