48 CHAPTER 2 Variables in LCA Variable Definition Categories Data source* Individual characteristics Age Age of the woman in categories, based on an increased risk for pregnancy complications related to age5,6 19– 23; 24 – 35; >35 SSD Ethnicity Migration status based on birthplace of parents, following categorization of Statistics Netherlands.7 A person with a migration background is a person of whom at least one parent was born abroad Non-Western; Western; Native Dutch SSD Parity The number of times that a woman has given birth after a gestational period of 24 weeks or more: 0 times (nullipara), 1 time (primipara), 2 or more times (multipara) Nullipara; primipara, multipara Perined Asylum seeker status Registered as asylum seeker, status holder or refugee and included in the municipal population register Yes; no SSD Socioeconomic characteristics Educational level Highest completed education, according to the International Standard Classification of Education and following categorization of Statistics Netherlands8 Low; moderate; high PHM-2016 and SSD Household income Household income based on percentage groups of standardized disposable income of private households; low is <10th percentile, moderate is 10th – 90th percentile and high is >90th percentile Low; moderate; high SSD Socioeconomic position Source of income, if any No income/ recei- ving benefits; student; paid work SSD Debts and payment arrears Difficulty paying bills, based on registration of debt restructuring and/or delayed health insurance payments for more than six months Yes; no SSD Insufficient financial resources** Having insufficient means, based on the question: ‘in the past 12 months, have you struggled to make ends meet on your household income?’ Yes; no PHM-2016 Permanent contract Having a permanent type of work contract No; yes SSD Full-time contract Being full-time employed No; yes SSD Lifestyle factors Smoking** Based on the question: ‘do you ever smoke?’ Yes; no PHM-2016 Alcohol use Alcohol use, categorized as excessive based on the number of glasses of alcohol in a week (>7), following Dutch ’Guidelines for Good Nutrition’9 Yes (excessive); no PHM-2016 5 Londero, A.P., Rossetti, E., Pittini, C. et al. Maternal age and the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 19, 261 (2019). 6 FIOM. Jong ouderschap. Available from: https://fiom.nl/kenniscollectie/jong-ouderschap 7 Statistics Netherlands (CBS). Person with a migration background. Available from: https://www.cbs. nl/en-gb/our-services/methods/definitions/person-with-a-migration-background 8 Statistics Netherlands (CBS). Standaard onderwijsindeling 2016 (The Dutch standard classification of education). Available from: https://www.cbs.nl/nl-nl/onze-diensten/methoden/classificaties/onderwijs-en-beroepen/standaard-onderwijsindeling--soi--/standaard-onderwijsindeling-2016 9 Gezondheidsraad [Dutch Health Council]. Richtlijnen goede voeding 2006 [Guidelines good nutrition 2006]. Den Haag: Gezondheidsraad, 2006.
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