Chapter 8 224 Table 8.1. Study design, measured variables and results of included studies, sorted alphabetically. First author, year of publication Included participants (age range or mean) Study design and duration Hormone measurement and/or intervention Study quality Depression (symptom) assessment Sleep assessment subjective (S) and objective (O) Results: sex hormones and sleep Results: sex hormones and depressive symptoms Results: association sleepdepressive symptoms Antonijevic et al., 2003 7 depressed women and 5 controls (age range 20-44, mean age 28) Cross-sectional case control study No intervention Indwelling catheter measuring nocturnal secretion of estradiol, progesterone, LH and FSH Fair MDD diagnosis S: None O: Sleep EEG Associations between sleep and hormone levels in controls: NS. NR. Depression = ↓ time in stage 2 sleep * and ↑ SOL*. Ratio of SWS and delta-EEG activity between the first and second nonREM period ↓ in depressed patients vs. controls*. Baker et al., 2012 18 women with severe PMS and 18 controls (age range 18-40, mean age 30) Prospective case-control study (one menstrual cycle, measurement in follicular and luteal phase) No intervention Blood samples to measure progesterone and estrogen Fair BDI-II and POMS S: PSQI O: Sleep PSG PMS group (vs. controls): ↑ SWS*, ↓ stage 1 sleep*, ↑time in delta band* and delta wave amplitude*, ↑ awakenings*, ↓ feeling refreshed after sleep*. Self-reported sleep onset = PSG sleep onset in both groups*. PMS group ↑ BDI scores in both phases*, deterioration of BDI scores in luteal phase in PMS group but not in control group*. Difference in P and E levels in PMS vs. healthy group=NS ↑ P and ↑ E = ↓ % REM sleep ↑ WASO P and E correlated with delta power in healthy group but not PMS group*.
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