Associations between sex hormones, sleep problems and depression 225 Table 8.1. (continued) First author, year of publication Included participants (age range or mean) Study design and duration Hormone measurement and/or intervention Study quality Depression (symptom) assessment Sleep assessment subjective (S) and objective (O) Results: sex hormones and sleep Results: sex hormones and depressive symptoms Results: association sleepdepressive symptoms Ben Dor et al, 2013 72 women (age range 19-52, mean age 33) Prospective intervention study (2 months baseline, 2-3 months of leuprolide acetate) Administration of leuprolide acetate (3.75mg im, administered in follicular phase) Assessment of estradiol serum level. Good BDI every 2 weeks + Daily assessment of depressive mood S: Daily assessment of nighttime disturbed sleep O: None Disturbed sleep ratings after leuprolide ↑*. BDI depression scores after leuprolide ↑*. Correlation of sadness, anxiety, or irritability with disturbed sleep symptoms: NS. De Zambotti et al., 2015 11 women (age range 18-27, mean age 29) Cross-sectional observational study (crosssectional with assessment in follicular phase) Serum FSH, E2 and Progesterone Fair BDI-II S: PSQI O: Sleep PSG ↑ E = ↓ No. of arousals** ↓ Arousal index ** NR. NR. Freeman et al., 2004 436 women (age range 3547, mean age 41) Prospective observational cohort study (4 years, 6 assessments each 8 months apart) No intervention Serum estradiol, FSH, LH and testosterone at every assessment. Good CES-D and DSM MDD diagnosis S: St. Mary’s sleep questionnaire O: None NR. ↑ E levels = ↑ CES-D levels *. Poor sleep MDD diagnosis, also after correction for antidepressants*.
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