Associations between sex hormones, sleep problems and depression 227 Table 8.1. (continued) First author, year of publication Included participants (age range or mean) Study design and duration Hormone measurement and/or intervention Study quality Depression (symptom) assessment Sleep assessment subjective (S) and objective (O) Results: sex hormones and sleep Results: sex hormones and depressive symptoms Results: association sleepdepressive symptoms Kische et al., 2016 213 women and 204 men (age range 22-81, mean age 52) Cross-sectional observational study Serum testosterone (T), androstenedione (ASD), E1 and E2. Fair Questions about previous depressive symptoms S: ISI, ESS O: Sleep PSG In men: ↑ ASD = ↓ total sleep time* ↓ ESS score*. ↑ E2/TT ratio* and ↑ SHBG* = ↓ WASO In women: ↑ E2 = ↑ ESS and ↑PSQI. ↑ E2/TT ratio = ↑ESS and ↓ PSQI. NR Grouping based on depressive symptoms sleep differences NS. Kravitz et al., 2005 196 women (age range 42 to 52, mean age 47) Prospective observational cohort study (one menstrual cycle) All not menopausal; menopause status checked through ovulation tests. Urinary PdG, E1c, FSH and LH Good Daily negative mood symptoms S: Daily report of trouble sleeping O: None Reported sleep quality: best mid-cycle (when E peaks) and worst in luteal phase (when P levels are highest). NR ↑ Negative mood = ↑ trouble sleeping*.
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