Chapter 8 236 the contraceptives, or the changes in endogenous hormone levels (altered by the contraceptives) is not yet clear. Figure 8.3. Visualisation and summary of the found possible interactions between sleep, depression and sex hormones. Green arrows represent the known connection between sleep and depressive symptoms, orange arrows represent the hypothetical effects based on the current literature described in this review. 3.10. The relation between sex hormones, sleep and mood Women with PMDD had more slow wave sleep (Baker et al., 2012; Shechter et al., 2012) and had longer and more prominent delta band activity (Baker et al., 2012) than women without PMDD, although absolute endogenous progesterone and estrogen levels between the groups were similar. Only one study of all included studies reported the three-way interaction between sleep, depressive disorder and sex hormones: Lee et al. (2000) included 34 women (age range 25-39) and showed that a stronger increase in REM latency from the follicular to luteal phase was associated with an increase in negative mood.
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