Chapter 1 30 SWS duration, REM sleep latency and REM sleep duration changed after 3 months of GAHT. In Chapter 7, we used data from the RESTED study to assess whether participants’ chronotype changed after 3 months of masculinizing or feminizing GAHT. Section 3: What are the effects of sex hormones on the association between depression and sleep? In Chapter 2, we also examined whether having a previous or current mood disorder moderated the group differences in insomnia between participants who were naturally cycling or who were using OCs. In Chapter 3, we examined correlations between depressive symptoms and insomnia in an exploratory factor analysis, and we prospectively examined whether the resulting symptom clusters changed after starting GAHT. In Chapter 8, we conducted a systematic review on studies assessing the relationship between sex hormones, depression and sleep. We selected studies that measured endogenous hormones or studied effects of using exogenous hormones and that measured both depression and sleep, to assess whether sex hormones could change the association between depression and sleep. Table 1.1. Description of study cohorts per chapter. Cohort Participant population Hormone intervention Comparison group(s) Used in chapter NESDA Women with previous or current depression and healthy controls Oral contraceptive users Naturally cycling women 2: Effects of oral contraceptives on depression and sleep Cimbi Healthy control participants Oral contraceptive users Naturally cycling women and men 4: Effects of oral contraceptives on sleep and cortisol dynamics ENIGI Transgender participants Gender-affirming hormones Prospective setup: baseline vs. 3 months and 12 months of GAHT 3: Effects of GAHT on depressive symptom profile 5: Effects of GAHT on insomnia and sleep quality RESTED Transgender participants Gender-affirming hormones Prospective setup: baseline vs. 3 months and 12 months of GAHT 3: Effects of GAHT on depressive symptom profile 6: Effects of GAHT on sleep architecture 7: Effects of GAHT on chronotype
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