OC, depressive and insomnia symptoms in adult women with and without depression 47 disorder (MDD) and dysthymia. Secondly, we aimed to assess if a previous or current depression diagnosis moderates the association between OC use and depressive and insomnia symptom severity. We hypothesized that measurements during OC use would show a higher depressive and insomnia symptom severity and a higher prevalence of concurrent MDD and dysthymia than women not using OC. Furthermore, we hypothesized that the association between OC use and severity of symptoms of depression and insomnia would be stronger in women with a previous or current diagnosis of a depressive disorder compared to women without a diagnosis. 2. Methods 2.1. Participants For this study we used data from the Netherlands Study on Depression and Anxiety (NESDA). NESDA is an ongoing longitudinal cohort study assessing the long-term course and consequences of MDD and anxiety disorders in the Netherlands. From 2003 until 2007, NESDA recruited 2981 adult participants from the community, via primary healthcare and outpatient mental healthcare providers. At recruitment, 78% of participants had (past or present) depressive and/or anxiety disorders, and 22% of participants were included as non-depressed controls. Exclusion criteria were having a primary clinical diagnosis of bipolar disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, severe substance use disorder, psychotic disorder, or organic psychiatric disorder (all confirmed by Composite International Diagnostic Interview or CIDI) or being not sufficiently proficient in Dutch language. For more details on the NESDA study and details on recruitment and methods, see Penninx et al. (2021). All participants provided informed consent and the study was approved by the Medical Ethical Committee of the VUmc (reference number 2003/183) and other participating centers. The NESDA study followed participants 2, 4, 6 and 9 years after the baseline measurement, meaning every participant could contribute up to 5 measurements to the full dataset. At every assessment, participants underwent a structured diagnostic interview for assessment of mental disorders and questionnaires on depressive symptoms, insomnia symptoms, lifestyle and socioeconomic factors. This included self-report
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