OC, depressive and insomnia symptoms in adult women with and without depression 57 Table 2.2. Association of oral contraceptive status with depression diagnoses and symptoms analyzed using linear mixed models. Contraceptive status during measurement Estimated unadjusted difference, (OC vs. NC measurements) Estimated adjusted difference, (OC vs. NC measurements) Estimated adjusted difference (OC vs. NC measurements), within-and between-person estimates Naturally cycling (n=1913) Oral contraceptive use (n=1301) B or OR, 95%-CI p-value B or OR, 95%-CI p-value Estimate B or OR, 95%-CI p-value Depressive symptoms IDS score (mean, SD) 17.6 (12.9) 16.8 (12.4) B=0.90 (0.00, 1.80) 0.049 B=0.10 (-0.80, 1.00) 0.83 Betweenperson* B=-2.97 (-4.57, -1.38) 0.0003 Within-person* B=1.43 (0.37, 2.50) 0.009 Atypical IDS subscore (mean, SD) 5.1 (4.3) 4.9 (4.2) B=0.03 (-0.30, 0.37) 0.86 B=-0.05 (-0.40, 0.29) 0.75 Betweenperson* B=-0.53 (-1.04, -0.04) 0.03 Within-person* B=0.45 (-0.03, 0.92) 0.07 Depression diagnoses MDD in the last 6 months (n, %) 523 (27.3) 355 (27.3) OR=1.10 (0.87, 1.39) 0.40 OR=0.99 (0.77, 1.27) 0.93 Betweenperson* OR=0.66 (0.47, 0.92) 0.014 Within-person* OR=1.70 (1.16, 2.49) 0.006 Dysthymia in the last 6 months (n, %) 80 (6.1) 158 (8.3) OR=0.76 (0.39, 1.46) 0.42 OR=0.65 (0.32, 1.27) 0.21 Between-person OR=0.43 (0.13, 1.30) 0.15 Within-person OR=0.81 (0.35, 1.94) 0.63 Insomnia WHI-IRS (mean, SD) 6.8 (4.7) 7.0 (4.7) B=0.29 (-0.06, 0.65) 0.11 B=0.54 (0.17, 0.91) 0.004 Between-person 0.51 (-0.07, 1.10) 0.09 Within-person 0.56 (0.1, 1.02) 0.02 OC=oral contraceptives, NC=naturally cycling, MDD=major depressive disorder, IDS=Inventory of Depressive Symptoms, WHI-IRS=Women’s Health Inventory Insomnia Rating Scale. OR=odds ratio, B=unstandardized estimate, CI=confidence interval, SD=standard deviation. The adjusted model contains adjustment for age, education level and country of birth. * =Model which includes between- and within-person estimates was significantly better than the model that estimated the general estimate as described in the text.
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