133 A Human-Centered Design Approach to Develop Oral Health Nursing Interventions in Patients with a Psychotic Disorder personas have extraordinary potential [27,40]. Personas are seen as a powerful tool for true participation in design, and they also force designers to consider social and political aspects of design that otherwise often go unexamined. In contrast to Grudin and Pruitt [27,40], Chapman et al., [41] has more skepticism about the persona method and discusses several methodological and practical limitations. For example, they point out the problem that it is hard to verify to what extent a persona can represents a larger (parts of) population [41]. In this research, personas were a part of the data-synthesis activity since it serves designers better have a specific person to empathize with when designing new interventions [42]. Pictures and background information were added to help designers to create an elaborate and relatable image of this person. Therefore, personas have the function of an “empathic hand-over” [24] by giving a living insight into the MHNs through their reading of the personas. To translate insights into useful design implications, personas are a useful method to present them. From the themes, patterns, and associated descriptive phrases in the transcripts, the researcher S.K. developed personas of typical MHNs related to oral care in collaboration with the research team (S.C., J.V., L.K., N.B.). The data within the contextual interviews were organized within five larger categories to highlight the MHNs’ (1) unique attitudes and perspectives regarding oral care, (2) barriers regarding oral health, (3) needs regarding oral health, (4) suggestions for interventions, and (5) site conditions needed to provide oral health to patients with a psychotic disorder. Based on the data, four types of nurses could be described as personas. Each persona was a composite portrait that incorporated representative data from participants. Relatable names and photos, illustrative quotes, and a description of their professional context based on the codes and patterns identified were also given to the personas [27,40]. Persona Validation In step 2b, the five-step Synthesized Member Checking (SMC) [43] was used for ecological validation and further development of the personas. SMC enabled the participants to add comments, which were then searched for confirmation or disconfirmation of engagement with the personas, enhancing their credibility [43]. Discussion about participants’ feedback and changes were incorporated into the personas. 5
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