3 49 Normative Calf Muscle Strength-Endurance Values: An International Study the past 12 months, and (3) known systemic inflammatory disorders/internal diseases that may cause Achilles tendon abnormalities. Eligible participants were asked to sign an informed consent form before data collection. Subsequently, participants were asked to fill out a more comprehensive survey to collect demographic data (age, sex, height, mass, and BMI), health status details (presence of comorbidities, smoking, medication use) and sports activities information. Physical Activity Level (PAL) was assessed using a 6-point Likert scale.6 Procedures After completing the survey, participants performed the HRET. During this test, participants were instructed to assume a single-leg stance on a 10° incline board barefoot with the knee in full extension and the trunk erect. Video recordings of each HRET were obtained using the specialized Calf Raise Application.14,18 A device (IPad or IPhone, Apple Inc., Cupertino, United States) was used to record the test (see Figure 1). The device was placed upright in a fixed position (in a stand on a flat base) to the side of participants. Figure 1. Example of the Calf Raise Application. A round sticker with a diameter of 2.5 cm is placed just below the distal tip of the lateral malleolus. The Calf Raise Application tracks this sticker using computer vision algorithms. As the participant goes up, the heel with the adjusted sticker moves upwards and forwards in the screen.
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