Iscocapnic HVR Going from a fasting state to euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic conditions, the HVR exhibited distinct patterns in the two groups. In HC, the HVR increased from 0.56 ±0.11 to 0.77 ±0.11 L.min-1.%-1 (p = 0.04). In contrast, individuals with T2DM showed minimal changes, with the HVR shifting from 0.69 ± 0.10 to 0.67 ±0.10 L.min-1.%-1 (p = 0.78). Notably, the interaction between diagnosis (T2DM or HC) and the intervention (HEC) was statistically significant (p = 0.02). A visual representation of the HVR for both groups during fasting and hyperinsulinemia is provided in Figure 5.2. Figure 5.2: Hypoxic ventilatory response during baseline and hyperinsulinemia, for T2DM and HC. The effect of hypersinsulinemia on HC and the interaction between diagnosis and intervention was significantly different. This suggests that the effect of the intervention (hyperinsulinemia) on the HVR differs depending on the diagnosis of the participant. 108
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