mastered, training starts with some sort of procedural-specific ex vivo training. This could either be virtual reality training, box trainers, or cadaveric models, or a combination of those. In vivo training procedures should be done after a warming up and may benefit from a stepwise approach. Surgical coaching will enhance the learning experience, for instance, by recording the procedures and obtaining feedback not only from the attending surgeon but also from an independent coach who supervises the whole training process. After such a specified training program for residents, the gap in expertise before entering a fellowship should be filled, and the next step could be a minimal invasive surgery (MIS) or bariatric fellowship as proposed by Schirmer.32 CONCLUSION This systematic review of the literature concludes with findings that the training methods used to teach bariatric surgeries for surgical residents and fellows are limited. However, there is some high-quality evidence that should enhance further training initiatives. In our opinion, an ideal surgical residency or fellowship includes knowledge acquisition and efficient technical training. A structured fellowship program or resident program, including warming up and surgical coaching is likely to be more effective than separate ex vivo courses only. Note This chapter was updated to adhere to the 2024 IFSO Accepted Definitions for Publication and to enhance uniformity throughout this thesis. This research was originally published as: Kaijser M, van Ramshorst G, van Wagensveld B, Pierie JP. Current Techniques of Teaching and Learning in Bariatric Surgical Procedures: A Systematic Review. J Surg Educ. 2018;75(3):730-738. 2 37 Current techniques of teaching and learning in bariatric surgical procedures
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