PERSonalised Incentives for Supporting Tobacco cessation (PERSIST) among healthcare employees: evaluation and lessons learned 363 11 assessed using the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence,14 2) readinessto-quit, based on Prochaska stages of change,15 3) present bias, measured by temporal discounting magnitude based on the Kirby Scale,16, 17 and 4) willingness to pay for a deposit. Given the known relative effectiveness of deposits as compared to non-deposit-based incentive schemes, anyone willing to pay a deposit was advised on the deposit scheme.7, 8 See Appendix I for the decision tree, leading to the advice provided based on input from the questionnaires. Outcomes The primary outcome was 12-month continuous abstinence from smoking (Russell’s Standard RS12).18 Abstinence was assessed via self-reported abstinence (both point and continuous abstinence) and biochemically validated using expired air carbon monoxide (CO) measurements. A reading <10 ppm was considered indicative of abstinence. Final follow-up measurements were performed at 15 months after recruitment, that is three months after the last time point that incentives could be earned in the intervention group. Participants who were lost to follow-up were classified as non-abstinent. Data collection Upon enrolment, the following items were collected: educational level following the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED; range 0 (early childhood education) to 8 (doctoral or equivalent level)19), individual gross monthly income, age, self-reported height and weight, gender, and smoking history (smoking history, pack years, and history of quit attempts). In order to provide a personalised advise, the following questionnaires were also taken at baseline: nicotine dependency (Fagerström Scale, low to moderate vs. high dependency)14 readiness-to-quit (Prochaska Stages of Change, (pre)contemplators vs. preparators),15 and temporal discounting using a monetary choice questionnaire (Kirby Discontinuity Scale, immediate vs. delayed reward preference).17 At each time point during follow-up, participants were invited to complete a web-based questionnaire assessing the following secondary outcomes: self-reported quality of life (EuroQol Five Dimensions Health Questionnaire),20 smoking abstinence self-efficacy (Smoking Abstinence Self-efficacy Questionnaire),21 perceived stress (Perceived Stress Scale) and self-reported smoking abstinence (point prevalence and continuous abstinence).22
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