Public support for smoke-free policies in outdoor areas and (semi-) private places: a systematic review and meta-analysis 81 4 123-126, 128, 129 Four reports assessed support for smoke-free policies that were likely to be implemented,107 or for possible extensions of – or additions to – existing policies.54, 105, 118 Thirty-six reports assessed public support for policies that were already implemented (Appendix IV), among which five were introduced at the national level: smoke-free cars with children or pregnant women in Italy;82 a smoke-free prison policy in Scotland;37, 114 and a smoke-free public housing act in the USA.88, 121 In the remaining thirty-one studies support for local smokefree policies was assessed regarding university or college campuses,31, 35, 38, 41, 52, 76, 84, 97, 109, 127 school grounds,40, 113 hospital grounds,40, 59, 80, 117, 122 playgrounds,45, 113 parks and beaches,28, 54, 73, 94, 107, 111, 118 multi-unit housing,44, 46, 70 and outdoor gathering places such as streets.28, 32, 98 Risk-of-bias assessment Risk-of-bias assessment of individual reports is reported in Appendix V. Forty-two reports scored ‘yes’ on all MMAT criteria and were therefore considered to have low risk of bias, 65 reports had at least one ‘no’ or ‘can’t tell’ and were therefore considered to have a moderate risk of bias. Figure 1: PRISMA flow diagram. A record refers to an entry in an electronic database describing areport. A report is a full text published research article and there may be one or more reports describing individual research projects. *Reports on support among (former) smokers only can be found in Appendix III
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