Public support for smoke-free policies in outdoor areas and (semi-) private places: a systematic review and meta-analysis 83 4 Places of smokefree policies Estimates of support across studiesa (n) Sample size (n) High income country (%)b Number of WHO recommended smoke-free policies in placec Median (IQR) Likert scale question (%)d Hypothetical question (%)e Parks & beaches 30 143,599 80 7(6) 97 77 Playgrounds 20 249,127 80 7(3) 100 90 Streets or open areas 7 12,101 71 6(6) 86 38 Public transport stops 24 36,898 79 6(5) 100 80 School terrains 23 104,307 78 6(5) 96 87 University campus 38 77,534 76 1(7) 95 74 Other outdoor areas 9 76,601 67 3(6) 89 50 Outdoor private 3 10,862 100 1(4) 100 67 Outdoor semiprivate 5 5,549 40 3(2) 100 100 a Estimates are the total number of estimates for public support across studies. One study can provide multiple estimates b We used the World Bank categorisation, and presented are the percentage of estimates for public support derived from high-income countries. c Number of enclosed public places covered by traditional smoke-free legislation in place according to WHO classification ranging from 0-8 (i.e.: health care facilities, educational facilities, universities, governmental facilities, indoor private offices and workplaces, restaurants, pubs and bars, and public transport).130 We used the data from the year that public support was measured. d Percentage of estimates for public support on a Likert-scale vs. binary scale. e Percentage of estimates for public support for hypothetical vs. implemented smoke-free places Abbreviations: World Health Organization (WHO); interquartile range (IQR). In total, data from 896,016 participants were included in the meta-analyses. Some studies provided multiple estimates of public support for policies covering different places, therefore the total number of observations was 1,938,700. Figure 2 shows the pooled estimates of support per category and subcategory of novel smoke-free policies. Forest plots for each meta-analysis are provided in Appendix VI and explained variance per meta-analysis in Appendix VII. The highest level of support for smoke-free places was found for indoor private places (73%, 95%CI: 66-79; 61 estimates; 950,436 observations), followed by indoor semi-private places (70%, 95%CI: 48-86; 25 estimates; 35,447 observations). Pooled public support was 69% for outdoor non-hospitality places (95%CI: 6573; 208 estimates; 867,344 observations) and 67% for outdoor semi-private Table 1: Continued
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