2 27 Cardiovascular risk factors are related to distinct white matter hyperintensity MRI phenotypes Table 2.3. The association between cardiovascular risk factors and WMH volume. Hypertension Diabetes BMI Hyperlipidemia Total WMH volume 0.22 (-0.15–0.59) 0.45 (-0.05–0.95) 0.00 (-0.04–0.05) 0.14 (-0.24–0.52) Periventricular/confluent WMH volume 0.21 (-0.16–0.57) 0.43 (-0.07–0.92) 0.00 (-0.04–0.05) 0.15 (-0.23–0.53) Deep WMH volume 0.24 (-0.32–0.80) 0.89 (0.15–1.63)* 0.05 (-0.02–0.11) -0.08 (-0.65–0.48) These values represent B values (95% confidence interval) of the linear regression analyses adjusted for age, sex and intracranial volume. WMH volumes were multiplied by 100 and natural log transformed, due to non-normal distribution. * p<0.05. WMH: white matter hyperintensities. BMI: body-mass index. Table 2.4 : Mean WMH shape values per cardiovascular risk factor Total Hypertension Diabetes Obesity Hyperlipidemia Periventricular/confluent WMH* Solidity 0.19 ± 0.08 0.19 ± 0.07 0.19 ± 0.06 0.19 ± 0.07 0.19 ± 0.08 Convexity 1.15 ± 0.21 1.08 ± 0.18 1.15 ± 0.21 1.19 ± 0.12 1.16 ± 0.22 Concavity index 1.19 ± 0.13 1.23 ± 0.14 1.19 ± 0.16 1.15 ± 0.08 1.18 ± 0.13 Fractal dimension 1.83 ± 0.13 1.87 ± 0.14 1.82 ± 0.13 1.80 ± 0.12 1.82 ± 0.13 Deep WMH Eccentricity 0.56 ± 0.12 0.57 ± 0.11 0.56 ± 0.10 0.56 ± 0.15 0.57 ± 0.14 Fractal Dimension 1.83 ± 0.28 1.84 ± 0.32 1.80 ± 0.17 1.76 ± 0.40 1.79 ± 0.34 Data are represented as means ± SD. Obesity was defined as a BMI >30 kg/m2. WMH shape markers are given for the total number of individuals, individuals with diabetes (type I & II), individuals with hypertension, obesity or hyperlipidemia, respectively. *Periventricular/confluent WMH with a volume >4 ml. Periventricular/confluent WMH: total n=73; hypertension: n=36; diabetes: n=16; obesity: n=16; hyperlipidemia: n=31. Deep WMH: total n=122; hypertension: n = 57; diabetes: n=22; obesity: n=25; hyperlipidemia: n=45. Table 2.5: Mean WMH volumes per cardiovascular risk factor Total Hypertension Diabetes Obesity Hyperlipidemia Total WMH volume 7.84 ± 11.37 10.07 ± 13.29 10.14 ± 13.93 6.77 ± 6.74 7.92 ± 10.62 Periventricular/ confluent WMH volume 7.53 ± 11.18 9.67 ± 13.09 9.54 ± 13.56 6.34 ± 6.57 7.61 ± 10.38 Deep WMH volume 0.32 ± 0.59 0.40 ± 0.69 0.61 ± 0.93 0.44 ± 0.74 0.31 ± 0.63 Data are represented as mean volumes (ml) ± SD. WMH volumes are given for the total number of individuals, individuals with diabetes (type I & II), individuals with hypertension, obesity or hyperlipidemia, respectively. Obesity was defined as a BMI >30 kg/m2. Total: n=155; hypertension: n=72; diabetes: n=24; obesity: n=30; hyperlipidemia: n=55. Missing values: hypertension: n=3; BMI: n=5; hyperlipidemia: n=3.
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