95 White matter hyperintensity shape is associated with long-term dementia risk 5 Table 5.2. Cox regression models on association between WMH shape, WMH volumes, and long-term dementia risk. No dementia at follow-up (mean ± SD) Dementia at follow-up (mean ± SD) Model 1 HR (95% CI) Model 2 HR (95% CI) Model 2 HR (95% CI) Periventricular/ confluent WMH Solidity 0.20 ± 0.12 0.16 ± 0.07 1.34 (1.17–1.52)*** 1.32 (1.16–1.51)*** 1.32 (1.17–1.51)*** Convexity 1.03 ± 0.18 0.92 ± 0.20 1.38 (1.28–1.49)*** 1.39 (1.29–1.50)*** 1.38 (1.28–1.49)*** Concavity Index 1.27 ± 0.16 1.37 ± 0.16 1.43 (1.32–1.54)*** 1.44 (1.33–1.56)*** 1.44 (1.33–1.55)*** Fractal Dimension 1.70 ± 0.16 1.79 ± 0.13 1.45 (1.32–1.58)*** 1.45 (1.33–1.59)*** 1.44 (1.32–1.58)*** Deep WMH Eccentricity 0.39 ± 0.08 0.39 ± 0.06 1.01 (0.93–1.10) 1.00 (0.92–1.09) 1.00 (0.92–1.08) Fractal dimension 1.69 ± 0.14 1.69 ± 0.12 1.03 (0.95–1.12) 1.03 (0.95–1.11) 1.02 (0.94–1.11) WMH Volume Total WMH Volume 16.97 ± 15.31 28.91 ± 21.80 1.68 (1.54–1.87)*** 1.70 (1.54–1.87)*** 1.70 (1.54–1.87)*** Periventricular/ confluent WMH Volume 15.50 ± 14.92 27.16 ± 21.55 1.71 (1.55–1.89)*** 1.73 (1.56–1.91)*** 1.72 (1.56–1.91)*** Deep WMH Volume 1.48 ± 1.36 1.75 ± 1.36 1.17 (1.08–1.27)*** 1.17 (1.08–1.28)*** 1.71 (1.08–1.28)*** A hazard ratio below 1 means that higher values decrease the risk of developing dementia. A hazard ratio above 1 means that higher values increase the risk of developing dementia. Model 1: controlled for age, sex, cognitive status at baseline. Model 2: controlled for age, sex, cognitive status at baseline, BMI, diabetes, hypertension, cholesterol level, smoking status. Model 3: controlled for age, sex, cognitive status at baseline, BMI, diabetes, hypertension, cholesterol level, smoking status, infarcts, coronary artery disease. WMH volumes are additionally controlled for total intracranial volume. HR: hazard ratio; CI: confidence interval; WMH: white matter hyperintensities; BMI: body mass index. ***p<0.001
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