90 Chapter 3 Supplement 7. Quality assessment of cross-sectional studies Study Akkerman 2005a Akkerman 2005b Cadieux 2007 Dekker 2015 Eggermont 2018 van Esch 2018 Malo 2016 Nowakowska 2019 Pouwels 2018 Silverman 2017 Singer 2018 Singer 2018 1.Was the research question or objective in this paper clearly stated? Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Ye Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 2. Was the study population clearly specified and defined? Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 3. Was the participation rate of eligible persons at least 50%? Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 4. Were all the subjects selected or recruited from the same or similar populations (including the same time period)? Were inclusion and exclusion criteria for being in the study prespecified and applied uniformly to all participants? Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 5. Was a sample size justification, power description, or variance and effect estimates provided? No No No No No No No No No No No No 6. For the analyses in this paper, were the exposure(s) of interest measured prior to the outcome(s) being measured? NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Yes NA NA NA NA 7. Was the timeframe sufficient so that one could reasonably expect to see an association between exposure and outcome if it existed? Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 8. For exposures that can vary in amount or level, did the study examine different levels of the exposure as related to the outcome (e.g., categories of exposure, or exposure measured as continuous variable)? NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
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