91 Determinants of inappropriate antibiotic prescription in primary care in developed countries with general practitioners as gatekeepers 3 Study Akkerman 2005a Akkerman 2005b Cadieux 2007 Dekker 2015 Eggermont 2018 van Esch 2018 Malo 2016 Nowakowska 2019 Pouwels 2018 Silverman 2017 Singer 2018 Singer 2018 9. Were the exposure measures (independent variables) clearly defined, valid, reliable, and implemented consistently across all study participants? Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 10. Was the exposure(s) assessed more than once over time? No No No No No No No No No No No No 11. Were the outcome measures (dependent variables) clearly defined, valid, reliable, and implemented consistently across all study participants? Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 12. Were the outcome assessors blinded to the exposure status of participants? NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS 13. Was loss to follow-up after baseline 20% or less? Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes 14. Were key potential confounding variables measured and adjusted statistically for their impact on the relationship between exposure(s) and outcome(s)? Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Conclusion LB LB LB LB LB LB LB LB LB LB LB LB LB: Low risk of bias NA: Not applicable NS: Not stated
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