246 Chapter 11 Risk of Bias in Studies The relevant categories from the QUIPS tool were used to access the risk of bias; a score per domain per study is presented in Figure 2A. We reported a high risk of bias for five studies 20, 33, 35, 37, 45 and a moderate risk of bias for all other studies. The overall lowest risk of bias was found in the statistical and outcome measurement domains, while the highest was found in the confounding domain (Figure 2B). Figure 2. Risk of bias based on the QUIPS tool. (A) Summary of the domain−level judgements for each study. (B) Risk−of−bias judgements within each bias domain.
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