110 Chapter 2 Table A.8 Characteristics of the studies focussing on externalising problems Paper Country Target group N % male Age, mean (SD) Age range Intervention arms Intervention characteristics Assessments Variables measured Findings relevant for current review Coles et al. 2015 USA Children with (partial) foetal alcohol syndrome or significant levels of alcohol-related physical features; majority of children had problems with disruptive behaviours 30 60.0 7.10 (1.42) 5-9 years 1. GoFAR program (applied game + active condition). 2. FACELAND (active condition). 3. No-intervention control group (passive condition) 1-2. Both programs consisted of three components: A) computer game for the child, B) therapy sessions for the parent, and C) behaviour analog therapy (BAT) sessions for parent and child. A and B were presented simultaneously in five 1-hour sessions over a 5-week period, followed by 5 weekly sessions of C. The programs only differed in the material presented to children by the game content: metacognitive FAR strategy (Focus and plan, Act, and Reflect) and learning to recognise facial expressions, respectively. Pre, mid-treatment, and post. Disruptive behaviour; interval between pre and post, child’s age and intellectual status (covariates); time spent playing the game, enjoyment of gameplay, child’s attention to the game; enthusiasm for gameplay, number of prompts required from observer, mastery of targeted concepts (game learning), adherence to treatment procedures (for BAT sessions). Disruptive behaviour reduced in the GoFAR group after the first components, game play and parent training (i.e., at mid-treatment) and remained stable up to post-treatment. For the FACELAND group, disruptive behaviour reduced after completing the BAT sessions (i.e., at post). No changes were found in the no-intervention control group. Results suggest that the GoFAR game supported positive behaviour change after an initial 5 sessions, and that exposure to the FAR technique as implemented through the BAT sessions was effective in reducing disruptive behaviours in the FACELAND group and maintaining gains in the GoFAR group.
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