154 Chapter 2 (Figure A.3 – continued) Domain of bias D1 D1b D2 D3 D4 D5 Overall Mental health traits Abbott et al. 2014 NA Axford et al. 2020 Cioffi & Lubetzky, 2023 NA David et al. 2019a NA David et al. 2019b NA David & Fodor, 2022 NA David & Fodor, 2023 NA David & Magurean, 2022 NA David, Magurean et al. 2022 NA David et al. 2021 NA David, Stroian et al. 2022 NA Egan et al. 2021 NA Hammond et al. 2014 NA Hsieh & Chen, 2019 Kato et al. 2008 NA Kuosmanen et al. 2017 Mack et al. 2020 Maden et al. 2022 NA Mannweiler et al. 2023 NA Nguyen et al. 2018 NA Perry et al. 2017 Ruiz-Ariza et al. 2018 NA Schakel et al. 2020 NA Shum et al. 2019 NA Staiano et al. 2018 NA Sun et al. 2022 Tuijnman et al. 2021 Valenzuela et al. 2022 Walsh et al. 2019 NA Wu et al. 2022 NA Yu et al. 2023 NA Yunus et al. 2020 NA + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ! + + ! ! + + + + + + + + + + + + + ! + + ! ! + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ! + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ! + + + + + + + + + + + + ! - + + + + - + + ! + + ! + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ! + + + ! + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ! + + ! ! ! + + + + + - ! - + + + + + + + + + + ! +! + + + + + ! +! + + + + + + + + + + Notes. Data of the underlined papers were used to calculate effect sizes and included in the forest plots. D1 = domain 1, randomisation process; D1b = domain 1b, for cluster-randomised trials only, timing of identification or recruitment of participants; D2 = domain 2, deviations from the intended interventions; D3 = missing outcome data; D4 = domain 4, measurement of the outcome; D5 = domain 5, selection of the reported result. + low risk. ! some concerns. - high risk. NA = not applicable.
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