62 Chapter 4 Measures Primary outcome measure Perceived Stress The main mental health outcome is perceived stress as measured by the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS, Cohen at al., 1983). The PSS is a self-report questionnaire to measure teachers’ global stress levels in the past four weeks. The PSS contains 10 items, which are scored on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from ‘never’ to ‘all the time’. The Dutch version of the PSS was used. The PSS has been translated into different languages and its validity has been demonstrated in several populations (Andreou et al., 2011; Bellinghausen et al., 2009; Mitchell et al., 2008; Nordin & Nordin, 2013). In the current study, the Cronbach’s α coefficient of the PSS ranged between .86 and .89. Secondary outcome measures Well-being The secondary mental health outcome is well-being. Emotional, social and psychological well-being was assessed using the Dutch version of the Mental Health Continuum- short Form (MHC-SF). The MHC-SF has been used and validated in previous Dutch studies (e.g. Franken et al., 2018; Lamers et al., 2011; Westerhof & Keyes, 2010). This is a selfreport questionnaire consisting of 14 items on a 6-point rating scale ranging from 0 (never) to 5 (every day). The Cronbach’s α coefficient of the MHC-SF ranged between .87 and .91. Proximal secondary outcomes Mindfulness skills The Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire Short Form (FFMQ – SF) was used to measure mindfulness skills (Baer et al., 2006). This self-report questionnaire contains 24 items on a 5-point Likert-scale ranging from 1‘never or very rarely true’ to 5 ‘very often or always true’. This questionnaire consists of five subscales: observing, describing, acting with awareness, non-judging and non-reactivity. The Dutch version of the FFMQ-SF has proven to be a reliable questionnaire which is sensitive to change in a population with anxiety and depressive symptoms (Bohlmeijer et al., 2011). The Cronbach’s α coefficient of the FFMQ – SF ranged between .77 and .80. Emotion regulation Skills The Dutch self-report version for adults of the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF-A, Scholte & Noens, 2011) was used to assess emotion regulation skills. For this study we only used the subscale ‘Emotional Control’ which consists of 10 items on a 3-point Likert scale: ‘never’, ‘sometimes’ and ‘often’. The Cronbach’s α coefficient ranged between .90 and .91.
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