50 Chapter 2 Bias type Low risk Moderate risk High risk Study design Prospective data collection (clinical assessment) Retrospective data collection (medical records or self-reported questionnaire/survey) Unclear data collection and statistical analysis Study population Specific and detailed sample selection criteria Sample from general population but not selected group with multiple centres Specific and detailed sample selection criteria Sample selected from large population but selection criteria not defined Sample selection ambiguous but may be representative; Analysis to adjust for sampling strategy bias Unclear sample selection criteria Sample is selected from single centre and not representative Participant rate High participant rate (>85%) Moderate participant rate (7085%) Low participant rate (<70%) Participants’ characteristics Diagnosis using consistent criteria and direct examination Specific and detailed recruitment time period Consecutive participants >18 years old Specific and detailed determinants (e.g. age) Diagnosis assessment from medical records, questionnaire, survey, administrative database or register Wide and undetailed recruitment time period Specific and detailed determinants Diagnosis assessment from non-validated data or generic estimate from overall population Unknown performed time or location No determinants information available Outcomes Detailed information on prevalence of cardiovascular medications usage Detailed information on absolute level of blood pressure, lipids, and glucose Detailed information on prevalence of cardiovascular medications usage Unclear outcome data or data collection methodology Publication Study Design Study population Participation rate Participants characteristics Outcome Risk of bias Mattos, 2012 2 2 2 1 2 9 Mendis, 2005 2 2 2 2 1 9 Nazzal, 2013 2 2 1 2 2 9 Abreu-Silva, 2011 2 1 2 1 2 8 Aguiar, 2010 2 1 2 2 1 8 Alvarez, 2016 1 2 2 2 1 8 Avezum, 2017 1 2 2 1 2 8 Berwanger, 2013 2 2 2 1 1 8 Birck, 2019 2 2 2 1 1 8 Gaedke, 2015 2 1 2 1 2 8 Pantoni, 2014 2 1 2 2 1 8 Portal, 2003 2 1 2 2 1 8 Ribeiro, 2018 2 1 2 1 2 8 Saffi, 2013 2 1 2 2 1 8 Supplemtary File 3 A.Tool for risk of bias assessment (Adapted from Zhao et al, 2016). Supplemtary File 3 B. Results of the risk of bias assessment of all publications that resulted from the screening phase of the review.
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