1. General introduction 16 Figure 3. Since the 1950’s, needle-free jet injectors have been employed globally to provide mass vaccination in both adults and children. Consequently, innovative technological improvements such as the usage of disposable nozzles and the implementation of adjustable settings in NFI were made, that improved the safety and broadened the scope of their application.36 Around 2015 electronically pneumatic jet injectors (EPIs), i.e. electronically controlled NFIs, were introduced (Figure 4).27
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