78 Chapter 2 Must have reported on the sources of funding for individual studies included in the review. Note: Reporting that the reviewers looked for this information but it was not reported by study authors also qualifies Yes No If meta-analysis was performed did the review authors use appropriate methods for statistical combination of results? RCTs For Yes: The authors justified combining the data in a meta-analysis AND they used an appropriate weighted technique to combine study results and adjusted for heterogeneity if present. AND investigated the causes of any heterogeneity Yes No No meta-analysis conducted For NRSI For Yes: The authors justified combining the data in a meta-analysis AND they used an appropriate weighted technique to combine study results, adjusting for heterogeneity if present AND they statistically combined effect estimates from NRSI that were adjusted for confounding, rather than combining raw data, or justified combining raw data when adjusted effect estimates were not available AND they reported separate summary estimates for RCTs and NRSI separately when both were included in the review Yes No No meta-analysis conducted If meta-analysis was performed, did the review authors assess the potential impact of RoB in individual studies on the results of the meta-analysis or other evidence synthesis? For Yes: included only low risk of bias RCTs OR, if the pooled estimate was based on RCTs and/or NRSI at variable RoB, the authors performed analyses to investigate possible impact of RoB on summary estimates of effect. Yes No No meta-analysis conducted Did the review authors account for RoB in individual studies when interpreting/ discussing the results of the review? For Yes: included only low risk of bias RCTs OR, if RCTs with moderate or high RoB, or NRSI were included the review provided a discussion of the likely impact of RoB on the results Yes No Did the review authors provide a satisfactory explanation for, and discussion of, any heterogeneity observed in the results of the review? For Yes: There was no significant heterogeneity in the results OR if heterogeneity was present the authors performed an investigation of sources of any heterogeneity in the results and discussed the impact of this on the results of the review Yes No If they performed quantitative synthesis did the review authors carry out an adequate investigation of publication bias (small study bias) and discuss its likely impact on the results of the review? For Yes: performed graphical or statistical tests for publication bias and discussed the likelihood and magnitude of impact of publication bias Yes No No meta-analysis conducted Did the review authors report any potential sources of conflict of interest, including any funding they received for conducting the review? For Yes: The authors reported no competing interests OR The authors described their funding sources and how they managed potential conflicts of interest Yes No
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