Applying GRADE for diagnosis 89 2 Pizzulli, 2014 [21] Author Pizzulli Year of publication 2014 Journal Clinical and Experimental Allergy Study design RCT, evaluating the effect of telemonitoring on medication adherence Setting Specialized care unit, Germany Study population 63 patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis due to grass pollen, mean age 11.8 years (sd 2.7), 62% male, all on mometasone treatment, 66% with asthma, mean duration of disease 3.7 years (sd 2.6). Results of control group are reported in this evidence review: 32 patients, mean age 11.0 years (sd 2.9), 63% male, 69% on specific immunotherapy, 66% with asthma, 19% with atopic dermatitis, mean duration of disease 3.3 years (sd 3.0) Outcome measures (allergen avoidance, use of corticosteroids, use of antihistamines, compliance, treatment difficulties) Optimal treatment is defined as at least puffs mometasone per day. Optimal treatment in control group: 12.5% Risk of bias Was the sample frame appropriate to address the target population? Yes/No/Unclear/Not applicable Were study participants sampled in an appropriate way? Yes/No/Unclear/Not applicable Was the sample size adequate? Yes/No/Unclear/Not applicable Were the study subjects and the setting described in detail? Yes/No/Unclear/Not applicable Was the data analysis conducted with sufficient coverage of the identified sample? Yes/No/Unclear/Not applicable Were valid methods used for the identification of the condition? Yes/No/Unclear/Not applicable Was the condition measured in a standard, reliable way for all participants? Yes/No/Unclear/Not applicable Was there appropriate statistical analysis? Yes/No/Unclear/Not applicable Was the response rate adequate, and if not, was the low response rate managed appropriately? Yes/No/Unclear/Not applicable Wang, 2013 [22] Author Wang Year of publication 2013 Journal International Archives of Allergy and Immunology Study design RCT, single blind, evaluating the effect of a daily SMS on treatment adherence Setting University Hospital, China Study population 50 patients with allergic rhinitis (confirmed with positive skin prick test and/or positive sIgE), of whom 39 completed the study (follow-up 30 days). Results of the control group are reported in this evidence review: 19 patients, 42% male, mean age 31.0 years (sd 10.88) mean duration of disease 2.07 years (sd 1.09) Outcome measures (allergen avoidance, use of corticosteroids, use of antihistamines, compliance, treatment difficulties) Non-adherence: 18/25 patients. Reasons for non-adherence: 63.2% forgot to take the medication, 31.5% fear of side effects,
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