Chapter 2 52 of PD-1T TILs within TLS can explain the difference in predictive value. Moreover, the increased infiltration of PD-1T TILs in the tumor parenchyma in the PD-1T high group suggests that not only expansion of PD-1T TILs in TLS, but also their infiltration in the tumor may be required for an effective response upon PD-1 blockade treatment. Further studies are needed to provide a more in-depth characterization of TLSassociated and intratumoral PD-1T TIL subsets and to investigate a potential role of TLS in the expansion of these cells. Taken together, we here established PD-1T TILs as a novel predictive biomarker for durable clinical benefit to PD-1 blockade in NSCLC. Importantly, the high NPV of the biomarker may allow for the reliable identification of those patients that are unlikely to benefit from PD-1 blockade, thus providing a tool to reduce overtreatment.
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