76 Chapter 4 Pain catastrophizing is measured by the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) The PCS is a self-report measurement tool that provided a valid index of catastrophizing in clinical and non-clinical populations (53,54). Self-efficacy, i.e., the patients beliefs in their efficacy to influence events that affect their lives (55), is measured using the General Self-efficacy Scale (GSE Scale) (56–58). Patient activation is assessed by the Dutch version of the short form Patient Activation Measure (PAM 13-Dutch) (59,60). The Pam 13-Dutch assesses patient (or consumer) selfreported knowledge, skills and confidence for self-management of one’s health or chronic condition. The number of recurrent LBP episodes is measured by the number of self-reported LBP episodes during the follow-up period. A recurrent LBP episode is defined as return of LBP with a minimum duration of 24h after a period of at least 4 weeks without pain (61). Other measures Patient characteristics, i.e., age, gender, educational level, profession, employment status, and medical history related to LBP over the past 2 years, are measured using an online questionnaire. Besides that, relevant clinical variables such as duration of current complaints, Body Mass Index, past surgeries, risk of developing persistent LBP, the presence of central sensitivity, and possible comorbidities are collected. Content and number of physiotherapy sessions are measured trough registration forms, developed by the researchers. The registration forms collect information on the number and content of face-to-face sessions, adherence to face-to-face sessions and deviations from the study protocol and are completed by the physiotherapists.
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