149 Impact of sepsis and antibiotics on the microbiome 85. Vardakas KZ, Trigkidis KK, Boukouvala E et al. Clostridium difficile infection following systemic antibiotic administration in randomised controlled trials: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Int J Antimicrob Ag 2016; 48: 1–10. 86. Brown KA, Khanafer N, Daneman N et al. Meta-analysis of antibiotics and the risk of community-associated Clostridium difficile infection. Antimicrob Agents Ch 2013; 57: 2326–32. 87. Van Boeckel TP, Gandra S, Ashok A et al. Global antibiotic consumption 2000 to 2010: an analysis of national pharmaceutical sales data. Lancet Infect Dis 2014; 14: 742–50. 88. Wiström J, Gentry LO, Palmgren AC et al. Ecological effects of short-term ciprofloxacin treatment of travellers’ diarrhoea. J Antimicrob Ch 1992; 30: 693–706. 89. Borzio M, Salerno F, Saudelli M et al. Efficacy of oral ciprofloxacin as selective intestinal decontaminant in cirrhosis. Ital J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1997; 29: 262–6. 90. Edlund C, Sjöstedt S, Nord CE. Comparative effects of levofloxacin and ofloxacin on the normal oral and intestinal microflora. Scand J Infect Dis 1997; 29: 383–6. 91. Inagaki Y, Nakaya R, Chida T et al. The effect of levofloxacin, an optically-active isomer of ofloxacin, on fecal microflora in human volunteers. Jpn J Antibiot 1992; 45: 241–52. 92. Edlund C, Beyer G, Hiemer-Bau M et al. Comparative effects of moxifloxacin and clarithromycin on the normal intestinal microflora. Scand J Infect Dis 2000; 32: 81–5. 93. de Lastours V, Fantin B. Impact of fluoroquinolones on human microbiota. Focus on the emergence of antibiotic resistance. Future Microbiol 2015; 10: 1241–55. 94. de Lastours V, Chau F, Roy C et al. Emergence of quinolone resistance in the microbiota of hospitalized patients treated or not with a fluoroquinolone. J Antimicrob Chemother 2014; 69: 3393–400. 95. Nicolas-Chanoine M-H, Bertrand X, Madec J-Y. Escherichia coli ST131, an intriguing clonal group. Clin Microbiol Rev 2014; 27: 543–74. 96. Deshpande A, Pasupuleti V, Thota P et al. Community-associated Clostridium difficile infection and antibiotics: a meta-analysis. J Antimicrob Ch 2013; 68: 1951–61. 97. Warny M, Pepin J, Fang A et al. Toxin production by an emerging strain of Clostridium difficile associated with outbreaks of severe disease in North America and Europe. Lancet 2005; 366: 1079–84. 98. Rashid M-U, Weintraub A, Nord CE. Effect of new antimicrobial agents on the ecological balance of human microflora. Anaerobe 2012; 18: 249–53. 99. Nord CE, Sillerström E, Wahlund E. Effect of tigecycline on normal oropharyngeal and intestinal microflora. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006; 50: 3375–80. 100. Rashid M-U, Rosenborg S, Panagiotidis G et al. Ecological effect of ceftazidime/avibactam on the normal human intestinal microbiota. Int J Antimicrob Ag 2015; 46: 60–5. 101. Young VB, Schmidt TM. Antibiotic-associated diarrhea accompanied by large-scale alterations in the composition of the fecal microbiota. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42: 1203–6. 102. De La Cochetière MF, Durand T, Lepage P et al. Resilience of the dominant human fecal microbiota upon short-course antibiotic challenge. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43: 5588–92. 103. Dethlefsen L, Relman DA. Incomplete recovery and individualized responses of the human distal gut microbiota to repeated antibiotic perturbation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2011; 108 Suppl 1: 4554–61. 104. Rashid M-U, Zaura E, Buijs MJ et al. Determining the long-term effect of antibiotic administration on the human normal intestinal microbiota using culture and pyrosequencing methods. Clin Infect Dis 2015; 60 Suppl 2: S77-84. 105. Favier CF, Vaughan EE, De Vos WM et al. Molecular monitoring of succession of bacterial communities in human neonates. Appl Environ Microbiol 2002; 68: 219–26. 106. Seksik P, Rigottier-Gois L, Gramet G et al. Alterations of the dominant faecal bacterial groups in patients with Crohn’s disease of the colon. Gut 2003; 52: 237–42. 6
RkJQdWJsaXNoZXIy MTk4NDMw