45 Biomarkers in sepsis Infectious signature Non-infectious signature Pathogen A signature Pathogen B signature Pathophysiologic signature A Pathophysiologic signature B Upregulated genes Downregulated genes Signature consistent with scenario A Signature consistent with scenario B Shared signature Integrated signature as thekey for personalized medicine in sepsis Figure 4: Host signatures as molecular biomarkers using omics technologies. Using omics-based methodologies various host signatures can be determined in an integrated systems biology approach aiding the development of targeted therapies. This review describes several molecular biomarkers with diagnostics value (e.g., discriminating infectious from non-infectious critically ill patients or distinguishing between causative pathogens) and prognostic value (e.g., stratifying patients in risk groups correlating to outcome measures such as mortality). The key is to identify omic biomarkers unique for a certain scenario. An ideal biomarker can quickly assist the physician confronted with an ill patient in his or her decision on the best possible treatment. 3
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