20 Chapter 1 Figure 1 The AAIDD theoretical model of intellectual disability Note. This is an English translation that I made, based on the adapted version of the AAIDD-model (Embregts et al., 2019) Mapping out these needs is not an easy task. An integrated understanding of someone’s problematic behaviors requires taking both a broad and person-specific perspective. The American Association of Intellectual and Developmental Disorders (AAIDD; Schalock et al., 2010) developed a well-known model that can guide a broad inquiry of characteristics and support needs for people with a mild intellectual disability. Figure 1 shows a recently adapted version of the AAIDD-model by Embregts et al. (2019), who complemented this model with elements of the biopsychosocial model (Došen et al., 2008) and ecological systems model (Bronfenbrenner, 2005). Within this adapted AAIDD-model, the multifaceted nature of problematic behaviors and/or impeded quality of life can be traced back to five distinct but interrelated dimensions. Three dimensions reflect characteristics that are described as within-person factors (the onto system, Bronfenbrenner, 2005): her/his intellectual abilities, adaptive skills, and health (both mental and physical). In addition to such within-person factors (micro-sytem) and the effects the meso- and exosystem have on the person, there is always an interaction between the person and her/his environment. In the adapted AAIDD model, such features are subdivided into dimensions such as social participation (e.g., school or work) and care organizational context. Problematic behaviors (and/or impeded quality of life) indicate a disbalance
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