38 Chapter 2 for people with a mild intellectual disability, their effectiveness is still weak (Kiewik et al., 2017; Kerr et al., 2013). A review of the literature on substance use prevention programs for this group found only six intervention studies, including two randomized controlled trials, all of which did not demonstrate intervention effects on reducing substance use (Kiewik et al., 2017). These programs were often too short and inconsiderate of the complex nature of substance use among individuals with mild intellectual disability. Furthermore, existing prevention programs are aimed at a broad heterogeneous group of individuals with mild intellectual disability. To provide each individual with an appropriate intervention, a high level of customization is necessary (Kiewik et al., 2017). Personality-targeted prevention programs have been shown to be effective in reducing substance use among adolescents without a mild intellectual disability (Conrod et al., 2013; Lammers et al., 2017; Mahu et al., 2015). These programs have previously referred to as the most appropriate substance use prevention strategy for high-risk groups (Sher et al., 2000). These personality-targeted prevention programs are based on four personality profiles: sensation-seeking, impulsivity, anxiety sensitivity, and negative thinking (SS, IMP, AS and NT, respectively; Woicik et al., 2009). These profiles have been associated with risky substance use in the general population (Lammers et al., 2017; Sher et al., 2000; Conrod et al., 2006) and in individuals with a mild intellectual disability (Poelen et al., 2017). Each personality profile has unique patterns and motives for substance use. Individuals with externalizing profiles (sensation seeking and impulsivity) tend to be vulnerable to positive reinforcement and positively rewarding effects of substances (Conrod et al., 2006). Those with internalizing personality profiles (anxiety sensitivity and negative thinking) use substance use as an emotion regulation strategy to deal with negative feelings (Comeau et al., 2001; Cooper et al., 1995). Take it Personal! is an indicated, personality-targeting prevention program for adolescents and young adults with a mild intellectual disability and substance use. The program aims to reduce substance use (alcohol, cannabis and illicit drugs) among experimental to problematic substance users. Take it Personal! is based on the theoretical underpinnings of effective personality-targeted prevention programs (Conrod et al., 2013; Lammers et al., 2017; Mahu et al., 2015). The intervention incorporates the principles of motivational interviewing and cognitive behavioral therapy, both of which have demonstrated effectiveness in decreasing alcohol and drug use among non-disabled adolescents (Davis et al., 2015; Smedslund et al., 2011), and in adapted form they are also effective in people with a mild intellectual
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