2 39 The effectiveness of Take it Personal! on substance use disability (Vereenooghe & Langdon, 2013; Frielink & Embregts, 2013). Another technique that is incorporated in Take it Personal!, which has previously been used for the target group, is psychomotor therapy: a complementary less verbal therapy based on exercises and practice in movement and body experience. Psychomotor therapy is commonly used and shows promising results in behavior intervention for individuals with a mild intellectual disability (Bellemans et al., 2017). The aim of the present study was to examine the effectiveness of Take it Personal! on reducing the substance use frequency, substance use severity (alcohol, cannabis and/or other illicit drugs) and binge-drinking among adolescents and young adults with a mild intellectual disability. 2. Methods 2.1 Design This study was originally set up and registered as a randomized controlled trial (Schijven et al., 2015). However, the design was altered to a quasi-experiment with two arms, because individual or cluster randomization proved impossible in practice. Adolescents with a mild intellectual disability were screened at baseline and subsequently assigned to either the intervention condition (Take it Personal!) or the control condition. Follow-up measures were assessed after 3 months. Participants in the control condition received care as usual, which was neither standardized nor protocolled. This also meant they were free to attend other programs and/or therapies for their own specific problems (information concerning type of care was not assessed). 2.2 Participants Initially, 76 adolescents were recruited from 14 treatment centers in the Netherlands specialized in offering intra- and extramural care for people with a mild intellectual disability and behavioral problems. All of them received treatment because of their behavioral problems, such as aggression, criminal behavior or internalizing problems. Inclusion criteria were: (1) life-time prevalence of alcohol, cannabis or illicit drug use, (2) belonging to one of the four personality high-risk groups (SS, IMP, AS or NT) and (3) providing signed informed consent along with the signed informed consent from parents or a legal representative. A contraindication was moderate to severe substance use disorder according to the DSM-5 (APA, 2013), because these problems require more intensive treatment programs (McHugh et al., 2010). A total of 66 adolescents (47 male) from
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