42 Chapter 2 the adolescents were equally allocated to one of the two trainers. In each individual session, adolescents could bring a confidant from their team of care-givers at their treatment center with whom they were familiar. This was done to maximize the transfer of training to daily life situations and to ensure that adolescents felt safe and prepared for the group sessions. Take it Personal! comprised three main components: (1) psycho-education about the participants’ personality profile and related problematic coping behavior, (2) training of behavioral coping skills and (3) training of cognitive coping skills to cope with personality-related thoughts and behaviors resulting in problematic behavior. Motivational interviewing, cognitive behavioral therapy, and psychomotor therapy were used to deliver these components. Although the prevention program could target any substance use (alcohol, cannabis, or other illicit drugs), adolescents set personalized goals and edited a personal ‘changing plan’ to deal with their own problematic behaviors and substance use. Hence, in practice, the prevention program addressed the use of substance(s) that was/were most problematic for the individual. The content of Take it Personal! is described in more detail in an intervention mapping paper (Schijven et al., 2020b). Program fidelity was assessed in evaluation forms completed by trainers after the prevention program. Overall, evaluation shows that the program was reported to be delivered as protocolled. 2.4 Outcome measures 2.4.1 Baseline assessment For baseline screening, the 23-item SURPS (Woicik et al., 2009) was used to distinguish the four high-risk personality profiles for substance use. Items were measured on a four-point Likert scale that ranged from (1) ‘strongly agree’ to (4) ‘strongly disagree’. To adapt the SURPS to adolescents with a mild intellectual disability, the wording of some items was simplified and response options were complemented with pictograms of thumbs-up and thumbs-down. The adapted SURPS has been validated for use with people with a mild intellectual disability (Poelen et al., 2017). In the current sample, the SURPS demonstrated an acceptable internal consistency, with Cronbach’s α = 0.71 for AS, 0.87 for NT, 0.62 for IMP and 0.67 for SS. 2.4.2. Substance use frequency One item from the Substance Use and Misuse in Intellectual Disability Questionnaire (SumID-Q; VanDerNagel et al., 2011) was used to measure the frequency of substance use, assessing three substance types separately. Adolescents answered the questions: ‘How often do you drink alcohol/smoke weed/do hard drugs?’, with answer categories ranging from (1) ‘never’ to (5) ‘almost every day’. In contrast to
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