185 Risk of bias in studies Table 7.2 shows the risk of bias per included study. Five studies were of good quality, seven studies of fair quality and four of the included studies of poor quality. No studies were of excellent quality. The extensive, non-simplified, quality assessment is included in appendix 7B. Table 7.2: Simplified risk of bias assessment of the included studies Bulletti et al. (1997) Bulletti et al. (2002) Fornazari et al. (2019) Kido et al. (2007) Kido et al. (2011) Kido et al. (2014) Kissler et al. (2007) Leyendecker et al. (1996) Nishino et al. (2005) Oliva et al. (1992) Orisaka et al. (2007) Pinto et al. (2015) Qu et al. (2019) Szamatowicz et al. (1997) Yoshino et al. (2010) Yoshino et al. (2012) Reportin g 5/ 8 6/1 1 9/1 1 7/8 7/1 1 5/8 2/9 6/8 5/7 2/1 0 5/7 4/8 9/1 1 7/1 1 7/9 10/ 11 External validity 0/ 2 2/3 1/3 0/2 1/3 0/2 0/2 0/2 2/2 0/2 0/2 0/2 0/3 1/3 2/3 1/3 Internal validity - bias 3/ 3 4/4 5/5 3/3 4/5 3/3 2/3 3/3 2/2 4/4 2/2 3/3 4/5 4/5 4/5 3/5 Internal validity - confound ing (selectio n bias) 1/ 3 1/4 2/2 0/3 1/2 0/3 0/4 0/3 2/3 0/4 0/3 2/3 2/2 0/2 2/4 1/2 Power 0/ 1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 Score 9/ 17 13/ 23 17/ 22 10/ 17 13/ 22 8/1 7 4/1 9 9/1 7 11/ 15 6/2 1 7/1 5 9/1 7 15/ 22 12/ 22 15/ 22 15/ 22 Overall quality assessme nt ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
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