34 Supplementary materials standardized instructions and scoring was performed according to the standardized scoring criteria. For tumor patients, the assessment was part of routine clinical care and the exact selection of tests was based on a standard protocol, which was tailored individually to patients’ complaints, tumor location and time constraints. Overall, most tumor patients completed the neurocognitive assessment within approximately two hours, including a break halfway through. For the stroke patients a standard battery of tests was used. Overall, most stroke patients completed the neurocognitive assessment within approximately one and a half hours. Supplementary Table 1 shows the neuropsychological tasks and corresponding scores that were available for both the tumor and stroke sample. For the lesion-symptom mapping analyses, we selected the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT, direct recall, delayed recall, and delayed recognition) and the verbal fluency test (Dutch versions of the Controlled Oral Word Association Test (COWAT) and Category Fluency (animal), both described in Bouma et al.82). The RAVLT is a verbal learning and memory test that taps into multiple partly dissociated aspects of memory. Specifically, it assesses the ability to learn new information, consolidate it, reproduce it and recognize it after a delay period. During the task 15 unrelated nouns are read aloud on five consecutive trials. Each learning trials is followed by a free immediate recall test in which participants are asked to name as many words as they can remember. After a 20-minute delay, the participant is asked to recall the words from the list presented during the learning trials. Additionally, a list of 30 words is presented and the participant must identify the 15 previously presented words. From the RAVLT, we used the total number of words remembered on the five learning trials (immediate recall), the number of words remembered after the delay period (delayed recall) and number of correctly identified words in the recognition trial (delayed recognition). The verbal fluency test is a short test of verbal functioning. More specifically, it assesses an individual’s ability to retrieve verbal information within restricted search parameters. The test is separated into a phonemic and semantic fluency part. In the phonemic fluency participants are given 60 seconds to generate as many unique words beginning with a single letter. Three trials, each with a different letter, are performed. In the semantic fluency test participants are given 60 seconds to generate unique words belonging to a certain semantic category, in this case animals. Both tasks require a complex interplay of a variety of cognitive functions including attention, vocabulary knowledge, retrieval of lexical and semantic knowledge and executive functions. The phonemic fluency test is thought to rely more heavily on executive control, while the semantic fluency test is more dependent on correct A
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