39 Appendices COMBINED SVR-LSM We combined the data of both groups and performed the SVR-LSM analyses for each cognitive task using etiology (tumor or stroke) as a covariate on both the behavioral scores and lesion data. In areas where both groups have adequate coverage, and thus etiology can be used as covariate, this analysis allows investigation of the relation between lesion location and cognitive performance, irrespective of etiology. It is important to note that this analysis is still subject to differences in sample size between the groups and results can still be driven by one etiology simply because its sample size is significantly larger. Direct recall verbal memory (Supplementary Figure 2) When both groups were combined for the SVR-LSM analyses, lesions in the left ILF (most voxels with peak significance; 11.8%) were most strongly associated with performance on the RAVLT direct recall. Lesions in the left optic radiation (17.3%) and posterior segment (12.2%) were also associated with worse task performance. Additionally multiple grey areas were associated with direct recall performance, among which the left hippocampus (38.2%), the thalamus (15.5%), the parahippocampal gyrus (14.8%), the inferior temporal gyrus (14.4%) and the caudate nucleus (13.4%). When comparing these results to the etiology-specific lesion-symptom maps, largely overlapping voxels were found (Supplementary Figure 2 and Supplementary Table 5). Nevertheless, some brain areas were only significant in the combined maps (left inferior temporal gyrus) and others only in the etiology specific maps (left uncinate fasciculus, lingual gyrus).
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