Pranav Bhagirath

112 Chapter 6 possibilities, 2) Image acquisition protocols and reconstruction frameworks need to be standardized, and, 3) Existing operational and safety workflow requires considerable modification. Table 1. Real-time MRI guided electrophysiology studies. Population Procedure Magnet (T) Catheter tracking 2008 Nazarian et al 11 10 dogs / 2 humans Diagnostic study 1.5 Passive and Active 2008 Dukkipati et al 17 14 swine Diagnostic study 1.5 Active 2009 Schmidt et al 18 8 pigs Diagnostic and ablation study 1.5 Active 2009 Nordbeck et al 19 8 pigs Diagnostic and ablation study 1.5 Passive 2009 Hoffmann et al 20 20 pigs Diagnostic and ablation study 1.5 Passive 2011 Nordbeck et al 21 9 mini pigs Ablation study 1.5 Passive 2011 Eitel et al 22 1 human Diagnostic study 1.5 Passive 2011 Vergara et al 23 6 pigs Diagnostic and ablation study 3.0 Active 2012 Ranjan et al 24 12 swine Diagnostic and ablation study 3.0 Active 2012 Ganesan et al 25 12 sheep Diagnostic and ablation study 1.5 Passive 2012 Nordbeck et al 26 1 human Diagnostic and ablation study 1.5 Passive 2012 Sommer et al 27 5 humans Diagnostic study 1.5 Passive 2013 Nordbeck et al 28 1 mini pig Diagnostic study 1.5 Passive 2013 Gaspar et al 29 1 swine Diagnostic and ablation study 1.5 Active 2013 Piorkowski et al 30 1 human Diagnostic and ablation study 1.5 Passive 2013 Grothoff et al 31 10 humans Diagnostic and ablation study 1.5 Passive EQUIPMENT Device Tracking There are two approaches to track devices in an MRI environment; Passive and Active. Both techniques have their unique advantages and shortcomings. Passive Passive tracking utilizes the signal void and susceptibility artifact caused by the device due to local inhomogeneity of the magnetic field 32 . The passive approach requires continuous tracking of the artifact during in-plane device movement. This requires on-